Synthetic lubricants



atented May 8, 1951 SYNTHETIC LUBRICANTS William E. Garwood, Haddonfield, Francis M.

Seger, Pitman, and Charles F. Feasley and Alexander N. Sachanen, Woodbury, N. 3., assignors to Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, Incorporated, a corporation of New York No Drawing. Application January 25, 1949, Serial No. 72,744

13 Claims.

This invention has to do with the condensation of normal, alpha mono-olefins, aromatic hydrocarbons and organic peroxides and particularly has to do with the new and useful compositions obtained by said condensation.

It is well known in the art to effect a union between molecules of unsaturated hydrocarbons to produce materials called polymers or copolymers, the molecular weights of which are multiples of the molecular weights of the original hydrocarbons. The operation is called polymerization and the conditions of temperatures, pressure, etc., are called polymerizing conditions.

As is well known to those familiar with the art, polymerization reactions of the type referred to hereinbefore, may be conducted at relatively high temperatures and pressures, in the presence of substances Or of mixtures of substances, that promote the polymerization reaction. These substances are referred to as polymerization catalysts.

Several substances have been proposed as polymerization catalysts, and among the most widely used are phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen fluoride, aluminum chloride, boron trifluoride and solid alumina-silica adsorbents. In polymerization processes involving the use of these substances as catalysts, olefinic hydrocarbons are polymerized into polymeric olefinic hydrocarbons, the molecular weight of which, depending upon the conditions of polymerization, may vary within very broad limits from dimers to polymers containing many thousands of carbon atoms. These products may be used as fuels, lubricants, plastics, etc., depending upon their molecular weights.

It is also well known to those familiar with the art, that ethylene and conjugated diolefinic hydrocarbons, such as butadiene, are readily polymerized in the presence of peroxides or oxygen. This has been embodied in numerous processes which are of considerable commercial importance in the production of high molecular weight plastics and elastomers. In contrast to the polymers formed in the polymerization of ethylene or of conjugated diolefinic hydrocarbons in the presence of acidic polymerization catalysts, the products obtained when peroxides or oxygen are utilized as polymerization catalysts are predominantly high molecular weight polymers.

It has now been discovered that normal, alpha mono-olefins condense, simultaneously, with aromatic hydrocarbons and with organic peroxides, under conditions hereinafter defined, with the formation of desirable viscous oils. The oils so formed are characterized by relatively high specific gravity, and low pour point. Certain of the oils exhibit a high degree of stability to oxidation.

Reactants As indicated above, the mono-olefin reactants of this invention are normal or straight chain alpha mono-olefins and contain from 5 to 18 carbon atoms. Such mono-olefins are normally liquid at temperatures of the order of 20-25 C. Illustrative of such mono-olefins are the following: pentene-l, octene-l, decene-l, dodecene-l, octadecene-l, and the like. Preferred, however, of such olefins are those having from 8 to 12 carbon atoms, with decene-l representing a particularly desirable olefin. It will be clear from the foregoing examples that an alpha olefin may also be referred to as a l-olefin.

Not only may the mono-olefins of the aforesaid character be used individually in this invention, butthey may also be used in admixture with each other. In addition, olefin mixtures containing a substantial proportion of such mono-olefins may be used. Preferred of such mixtures are those containing a major proportion of a l-olefin or of l-olefins. Representative of such mixtures are those obtained by the cracking or parafiin waxes and other parafiin products, and those obtained from the Fischer-Tropsch and related processes.

These hydrocarbon mixtures may contain, in addition to the 1-olefin or l-olefins, such materials as: other olefins, paraflins, naphthenes and aromatics.

The aromatic hydrocarbon reactants contemplated herein may be monoor poly-nuclear, and may be unsubstituted or substituted with any one of a number of substituent groups. In general, any aromatic hydrocarbon having at least one available nuclear hydrogen atom may be used.

Typical aromatic hydrocarbons which may be utilized are: benzene, toluene, xylenes, ethyl benzene, tertiary 'butyl benzenes, Wax-substituted benzenes (.e. g., those obtained by Friedel-Crafts condensation of benzene anda chlorinated parafiin wax), naphthalene, methyl naphthalenes,

tetralin, etc. Other substituent groups which may be joined to the aromatic nucleus are aryl, e. g., phenyl; halogen, e. :g. chlorine; alkoxy, .e. g., methoxy; etc. In view of the outstanding character of the oils obtained by using unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbons, such reactants are preferred herein, with benzene and naphthalene being particularly preferred.

In general, any organicperoxide is suitable for our purpose. By organic peroxide we mean those compounds which contain an -OO- linkage. In this connection, it must be clearly uncle stood that when we speak of organic peroxides herein and in the claims we have reference-to organic hydroperoxides as well as simple organic peroxides. The organic peroxides utilizable in the process of the present invention may be aliphatic peroxides, aromatic peroxides, heterocyclic peroxides and alicyclic peroxides. Diethyl peroxide, tertiary butyl hydroperoxide, benzoyl peroxide, dimethylthienyl peroxide, cyclohexyl peroxide, and lauroyl peroxide may be mentioned by way of non-limiting examples of organic peroxides suitable for the process of our invention. In general, we prefer to use those organic peroxides containing the radical wherein R is an aliphatic or aromaticradical, such as acetyl peroxide, and of these, we especially prefer to use those containing a benzene ring, such as benzoyl peroxide. The organic peroxides may be derived from any suitable source as is well understood and, advantageously, may be formed in situ, thereby obviating the necessity of using the relatively expensive commercial organic peroxides. Such a modification must be considered to be within the scope of the present invention, although the use of individual organic peroxides is preferred.

The formation of the organic peroxides in situ may be accomplished in a number of ways. For example, they may be formed in accordance with the procedure of Price and Krebs [Organic Syntheses, 23, 65 (1943) or by contacting oxygen or air, preferably, moist air, with a suitable organic compound such as a hydrocarbon, or an ether, which reacts therewith to form the desired organic peroxide. Ethyl benzene, cyclohexene, and tetralin which readily form peroxides on oxidation, may be mentioned by Way of non-limiting examples of organic compounds utilizable for forming the organic peroxides in situ.

In general, and in accordance with our invention, the amounts of organic peroxides to be used are relatively large. In contrast to the polymerization reactions of the prior art which involve conjugated diolefinic hydrocarbons or ethylene wherein organic peroxides function as catalysts in the widely accepted sense of the term, we have found that in our process, the decomposition products of organic peroxides combine with the normal alpha mono-olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons. Accordingly, the yields and nature of the products obtained in the process of the present invention depend upon the amount of and reflect the type of organic peroxides employed. For instance, when benzoyl peroxide is reacted with a normal, alpha mono-olefin and an arcmatic hydrocarbon in accordance with our process, products containing structural fragments of the benzoyl peroxide are formed. This is demonstrated by saponification values for the products. Viewed in this light, our process is one involving both polymerization and the broader and more comprehensive reaction-condensation.

In accordance with the process of the present invention and depending upon the conditions of operation and the nature of the mono-olefinic hydrocarbon reactants, various condensation products, from comparatively low-boiling to highboiling fractions, can be synthesized. Thus, in our process, it is possible to produce fractions boiling within the range of those of lubricating oils, i. e., above 700 F. These products are of particular interest and importance. For example, synthetic lubricating oils obtained in accordance with our process generally have high specific gravities, low pour points and good viscosity characteristics. In contrast to synthetic lubricating oils obtained in the processes of the prior art involving solely the polymerization of olefinic hydrocarbons, those of the present invention contain not only paraffinic chains but also contain aromatic nuclei and other structural elements depending upon the organic peroxide used. Further, the synthetic lubricating oils synthesized by the alkylation of aromatics with olefinic hydrocarbons or chlorinated alkanes will differ materially from those of our invention due to the very nature of the reactions involved. Thus, as is well known, the processes involving alkylation reactions utilize strong catalysts which induce a series of side reactions, such as cracking, isomerization, etc. On the contrary, in our process, the reaction is affected under conditions whereby side reactions, if any, are kept to a minimum, and the temperature conditions are comparatively mild. Accordingly, the utilization of our process for the manufacture of synthetic lubricating oils must be considered a preferred, but nevertheless non-limiting embodiment of our invention.

Condensation conditions In carrying out condensation of the aforesaid reactants, temperatures varying between about 50 C. and about 200 C. are usually used, depending primarily, however, upon the kind of organic peroxide employed. In general, temperatures of the order of C. to C. are preferred when peroxides are used, reaction being substantially complete within about ten hours at such temperatures.

When benzoyl peroxide is used, the temperature may vary between about 50 C. and about C. and, preferably, between about 80 C. and 100 C. On the other hand, when hydroperoxides are used, the temperature may vary between about 100 C. and about 200 C., and is preferably of the order of C. The pressure to be employed depends upon the temperature used and, ordinarily, a pressure sufficient to maintain the reactants in substantially a liquid phase at the temperature employed is adequate. The time of reaction depends upon the temperature, the nature of the reactants employed, the quantity of reactants, and to a certain extent upon the pressure. In general, the higher the temperature employed the shorter the reaction time required, the criterion used being the time required at a given reaction temperature to efiect condensation and,' more specifically, to assure substantially complete consumption of the organic peroxide.

As indicated above, the amounts ,of organic peroxides and aromatic hydrocarbons employed determine, to a great degree, the yield and quality of the products. Reaction may be obtained using between about 0.01 and about 0.5 molar proportion of a peroxide, with between about 0.01 to about 5.0 molar proportion of aromatic hydrocarbon, with one molar proportion of a normal, alpha mono-olefin. Preferably, however, We employ organic peroxides in amounts varying between about 0.05 and about 0.1 molar proportion, with between about 0.1 and about 0.5 molar proportion of aromatic hydrocarbon, with one molar proportion of mono-olefin. In all cases, the quantity of peroxide used is a reactive quan-- tity as distinguished from merely a catalytic quantity, for the peroxide reactant enters into the condensation and fragments thereof form components of the condensation products. This is in sharp contrast with polymerization reactions of the prior art which involve conjugated diolefins or ethylene, wherein organic peroxides function as catalysts in the widely accepted sense. of the term catalysts.

In carrying out the process of the present in vention, the organic peroxide is added to the mono-olefin and aromatic hydrocarbon, preferactant. be. intimately contacted with the organic peroxide and with the aromatic compound. This maybe effected in several ways and in apparatu which is well known in the art.

Molar Proportion. Peroxide Parts by Weight Molar Proportio Aromatic Compound.

Parts by Weight Molar Proportion.

Atmospherc Air Temperature, C 88 Time,Hours 9 Residual Oil:

Parts by Weight Yield, Per Cent Vis. at 210, S. U. S Viscosity Index." Pour Point, F Br. Addn. No Refractive Index ably in two or more portions at intervals of a Examples few hours. If desired, the organic peroxide may The following detailed, examples are for the be added in some instances in a single addition, purpose of illustrating modes of carryin Out t e although excessive heat of reaction may be deprocess of our invention. It is to be understood, veloped. 10 however, that the invention is not to be considered When the organic peroxide is formed in situ, a as limited to specific reactants or to the specific mixture of the mono-olefin and aromatic hydroconditions of operation set forth herein. As will carbon, and an organic compound which forms be apparent to those skilled in the art, a wide anorganic peroxide when subjected to oxidation, variety of other mono-olefinic hydrocarbon rein amounts of atleast about 5%, preferably at actants, aromatic reactants and organic peroxleast about based on the weight of the ides may b u edmono-olefinic hydrocarbon reactant, is contacted The ner procedure followed in the making withoxygen (air for example) under the condif he x mpl run w t n i lly th am tions of reaction to produce the organic peroxide in all cases. he Olefin reactant and the aroin situ at the same time that the condensation 20 m ic ac ant w re stirred to ether and heated reaction occurs. The contact with oxygen may be While the DeIOXide Was added at vals. A temeffected by agitation of the mixture in air, bubp u f 8 t 9 C. and a t me of about nine bling of the air through the mixture, etc, to ten hours were found sufficient to cause the re- In another embodiment of this modificatio an action to go to substantial completion. The crude organic compound is peroxidized to a desired der acti n pr was fre d of low molecular gree, before the addition of the olefinic hydroweight components and the desirable ndensacarbon reactant and the aromatic reactant. Yet tiOn products Were Obtained as y residuesanother modification is t use th 1 13 1 Some of the peroxide fragments were eliminated hydrocarbon reactant per se for oxidation to the as benZOie acid d then removed y alkali s peroxide, with simultaneous or subsequent reacin 01 y at o is can be considered to tion to bring about the condensation of the unb n Operating loss. The unreacted olefins, rereacted mono-olefinic hydrocarbon reactant and covered by distillation, were suitable for recycling. the aromatic reactant, with that portion of the h oily product w tested wi h y other mono-olefinic hydrocarbon which has been contreatment, refining and Without additives. verted to peroxide. Still another modification is To distinguish the condensation p ucts om to use the arom ti compound t t, per Se for the distillate fractions thereof, the oily residues oxidati t th peroxide, it t simultaneous are identified as residual oils. The latter term or subsequent reaction to bring about the conidentifies the Oils from Which u eacted madensation of the mono-olefinic hydrocarbon res, by-p oducts (as any benzoic acid) and actant and the unreacted aromaticreactant with products of intermediate b l a e have been that portion of the aromatic reactant which has separated. been converted to peroxide. All of the tests and analyses to which the The process may be carried out as a batch, conresidual oils in the table where subjected are well tinuous 01 semi-continuous type of operation. known standard tests. In this connection, it will Particularly when the process is carried out on a '45 be noted that t e designation N. N. refers to the commercial scale, economic considerations make neutralization number, which is a measure of the it preferable to operate in a continuous manner. acidity of the oil.

Table Run No l 2 4 5 (i 7 8 Olefin Octene-l Dccene-L. Decene-l. Decenc-l" Dccene-L. Octene-L. Octene-2 2-Ethy1 H ene-l Parts by Weight 224 l 600 parts by volume.

2 Based upon total charge.

3 Fluorine analysis, 1 per cent.

.For efiicient operation, whether the process is carried out on a batch or continuous basis, it is essential that the mono-olefinic hydrocarbon re- In the table, above, run 1 shows a residual oil obtained from octene-l, benzoyl peroxide and solvent benzol, the latter being predominantly ben- 'bon is xylene.

zene. It will be noted that the oil is characterized by high viscosity index (V. I.) and high specific gravity. The reported low yield is due to the use of a huge excess of aromatic hydrocarbon. The residual oil of run 2, derived from decene-l, benzoyl peroxide and benzene, has a high V. I. and an extremely low pour point,60 F. Run 3 is similar to run 2 except in the use of naphthalene in place of benzene. The residual oil of run 3 has a lower V. I., substantially the same pour point and an appreciably higher specific gravity. Run 4 is also similar to runs 2 and 3, but in this case the aromatic hydrocar- The residual oil of run 4 has a V. I. and specific gravity intermediate that of the oils of runs 2 and 3, yet has a pour point of -'70 F. The relatively high saponification value of the residual oil of run 4 demonstrates that fragments of the benzoyl peroxide are incorporated in the oil. In the same vein, the high specific gravities of the residual oils demonstrate that the aromatic hydrocarbon reactants are also chemically combined in the oils.

Runs 5 shows a residual oil obtained from a halogen substituted aromatic hydrocarbon, namely, p-fiuoro toluene. The presence of fluorine in the residual oil demonstrates further the presence of the aromatic reactant in the oil.

Runs 6, '7 and 8 reveal the critical nature of the mono-olefin reactant. In each of these runs the reaction conditions are substantially the same, with diiferent octenes being used. In run 6, octene-l is used and the residual oil obtained therewith has a V. I. of 102.2. In contrast, the residual oils obtained with octene-2 and Z-ethylhexene-l, runs 7 and 8, respectively, have appreciably lower V. I.s, namely, 70.9 and less than 0. Important also are yield figures, for it will be noted that the yield of residual oil derived from octene-l is substantially greater than the yields of oils derived from either octene-2 or 2-ethylhexene-l.

When benzoyl peroxide is replaced by other typical peroxides or hydroperoxides, as in runs 1-6 of the table above, the residual oils obtained therewith will be similar in nature, though characterized by some distinguishing features. For example, residual oils of considerably higher V. I. and somewhat higher pour point will be formed when lauroyl peroxide or tertiary-butyl hydroperoxide is substituted for benzoyl peroxide.

As will be evident from the data presented above in the table, the condensation products of this invention are highly desirable lubricants per se. They are also of considerable value as blending agents for other lubricating oils. They impart desirable viscosity index (V. I.) and pour point characteristics to the oils in combination therewith, for, as indicated above, they have advantageous viscosity and pour point properties.

In short, the synthetic oils find utility in upgrading other lubricants. Typical oils with which the synthetic oils may be blended are mineral oils such as are normally used in internal combustion and turbine engines. When so blended, the synthetic oils may comprise the major proportion of the final blended oil, or may even comprise a minor proportion thereof.

One or more of the individual properties of the synthetic lubricants of this invention may be further improved by incorporating therewith a small, but effective amount, of an addition agent such as an antioxidant, a detergent, an extreme pressure agent, a foam suppressor, a viscosity index (V. I.) improver, etc. Antioxidants for viscous oils are well known in the art, and generally contain sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and/or phosphorus. Representative of such antioxidants is a phosphorus-and-sulfur containing reaction product of pinene and P235. Typical detergents which may be so used are metal salts of alkyl-substituted aromatic sulfonic or carboxylic acids, as illustrated by diwax benzene barium sulfonate and barium phenate, barium carboxylate of a wax-substituted phenol carboxylic acid. Extreme pressure agents are well known; illustrating such materials are numerous chlorine and/or sulfur containing compositions, one such material being a chlor-naphtha xanthate. Silicones, such as dimethyl silicone, may be used to illustrate foam suppressing compositions. Viscosity index improving agents which may be used are typified by polypropylenes, polyisobutylenes, polyacrylate esters, and the like.

contemplated also as within the scope of this invention is a method of lubricating relatively moving surfaces by maintaining therebetween a film consisting of any of the aforesaid oils.

It is to be understood that the foregoing description and representative examples are nonlimiting and serve to illustrate the invention, which is to be broadly construed in the light of the language of the appended claims.

We claim:

1. The process for effecting the condensation of a normal, alpha mono-olefin having from 5 to 18 carbon atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon and an organic peroxide, which comprises: condensing said mono-olefin, aromatic hydrocarbon and peroxide at a temperature between about 50 C. and about 200 C. for a period of time sufiicient to effect condensation, one molar proportion of said mono-olefin being so condensed with between about 0.1 and about 5 molar proportion of said aromatic hydrocarbon and with between about 0.01 and about 0.5 molar proportion of said peroxide.

2. The method of preparation of a viscous oil, which comprises: condensing, at a temperature between about 50 C. and about 200 C. for a period of time sufficient to efiect condensation, one molar proportion of a normal, alpha monoolefin having from 8 to 12 carbon atoms, between about 0.1 and about 0.5 molar proportion of an aromatic hydrocarbon, and between about 0.05 and about 0.1 molar proportion of an organic peroxide.

3. The method of preparation of a viscous oil, which comprises: condensing, at a temperature between about 50 C. and about 200 C. for a period of time sufficient to effect condensation, one molar proportion of a normal, alpha monoolefin having from 8 to 12 carbon atoms, between about 0.1 and about 0.5 molar proportion of an unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon, and between about 0.05 and about 0.1 molar proportion of an organic peroxide.

4. The method of preparation of a viscous oil, which comprises: condensing, at a temperature between about 50 C. and about 200 C. for a period of time sufiicient to effect condensation, one molar proportion of a normal, alpha monoolefin having from 8 to 12 carbon atoms, between about 0.1 and about 0.5 molar proportion of an aromatic hydrocarbon containing at least one alkyl substituent and at least one hydrogen atom attached to a nuclear carbon atom, and between about 0.05 and about 0.1 molar proportion of an organic peroxide.

5. The method of preparation of a viscous oil,

which comprises: condensing, at a temperature between about 50 C. and about 200 C. for a period of time sufficient to effect condensation, one molar proportion of a normal, alpha monoolefin having from 8 to 12 carbon atoms, between about 0.1 and about 0.5 molar proportion of an aromatic hydrocarbon containing at least one halogen substituent and at least one hydrogen atom attached to a nuclear carbon atom, and between about 0.05 and about 0.1 molar proportion of an organic peroxide.

6. The method of preparation of a viscous oil, which comprises: condensing, at a temperature between about 50 C. and about 200 C. for a period of time sufiicient to effect condensation, one molar proportion of a normal, alpha monoolefin having from 8 to 12 carbon atoms, between about 0.1 and about 0.5 molar proportion of an aromatic hydrocarbon, and between about 0.05 and about 0.1 molar proportion of an organic peroxide containing the benzene ring.

7. A synthetic lubricating oil obtained by: condensing, at a temperature between about 50 C. and about 200 C. for a period of time sufiicient to efiect condensation, one molar proportion of a normal, alpha mono-olefin having from to 18 carbon atoms, between about 0.01 and about 5 molar proportions of an aromatic hydrocarbon and between about 0.01 and about 0.5 molar proportion of an organic peroxide, and separating from the reaction product thus formed said synthetic lubricating oil; said peroxide entering into the condensation and fragments thereof forming components of said oil.

8. A synthetic lubricating oil obtained by: condensing, at a temperature between about 50 C. and about 200 C. for a period of time sufiicient to effect condensation, one molar proportion of a normal, alpha mono-olefin having from 8 to 12 carbon atoms, between about 0.01 and about 5 molar proportions of an unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon and between about 0.01 and about 0.5 molar proportion of an organic peroxide, and separating from the reaction product thus formed said synthetic lubricating oil; said peroxide entering into the condensation and fragments thereof forming components of said oil.

9. A synthetic lubricating oil obtained by: condensing, at a temperature between about 50 C. and about 200 C. for a period of time sufficient to effect condensation, one molar proportion of a normal, alpha mono-olefin having from 8 to 12 carbon atoms, between about 0.01 and about 5 molar proportions of an aromatic hydrocarbon containing at least one alkyl substituent and at least one hydrogen atom attached to a nuclear carbon atom, and between about 0.01 and about 0.5 molar proportion of an organic peroxide, and separating from the reaction product thus formed said synthetic lubricating oil; said peroxide entering into the condensation and fragments thereof forming components of said oil.

10. A synthetic lubricating oil obtained by: condensing, at a temperature between about 50 C. and about 200 C. for a period of time sufficient to effect condensation, one molar proportion of a normal, alpha mono-olefin having from 8 to 12 carbon atoms, between about 0.01 and about 5 molar proportions of an aromatic hydrocarbon containing at least one halogen substituent and at least one hydrogen atom attached to a nuclear carbon atom, and between about 0.01 and about 0.5 molar proportion of an organic peroxide, and separating from the reaction product thus formed said synthetic lubricating oil; said peroxide entering in the condensation and fragments thereof forming components of said oil.

11. A synthetic lubricating oil obtained by: condensing, at a temperature of about 90 C. for about 10 hours, one molar proportion of decene-l with about 0.25 molar proportion of benzene and with about 0.1 molar proportion of benzoyl peroxide, and separating from the reaction product thus formed said synthetic lubricating oilj said peroxide entering into the condensation and fragments thereof forming components of said oil.

12. A synthetic lubricating oil obtained by: condensing at a temperature of about C. for about 10 hours, one molar proportion of decene-l with about 0.25 molar proportion of naphthalene and with about 0.1 molar proportion of benzoyl peroxide, and separating from the reaction product thus formed said synthetic lubricating oil; said peroxide entering into the condensation and fragments thereof forming components of said oil.

13. A synthetic lubricating oil obtained by: condensing, at a temperature of about C. for about 9 hours, one molar proportion of decene-l with about 3 molar proportions of para-fluoro toluene and with about 0.1 molar proportion of benzoyl peroxide, and separating from the reaction product thus formed said synthetic lubricating oil; said peroxide entering into the condensation and fragments thereof forming components of said oil.

WILLIAM GARWOOD. FRANCIS M. SEGER. CHARLES F. FEASLEY. ALEXANDER N. SACHANEN.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,349,211 Tulleners May 16, 1944 2,429,582 Morris et al. Oct. 21, 1947 2,432,381 Coffman et al. Dec. 9; 1947 2,439,457 Donleavy et al. Apr. 13, 1948 2,439,729 Guinot et al. Apr. 13, 1948 

1. THE PROCESS FOR EFFECTING THE CONDENSATION OF A NORMAL, ALPHA MONO-OLEFIN HAVING FROM 5 TO 18 CARBON ATOMS, AN AROMATIC HYDROCARBON AND AN ORGANIC PEROXIDE, WHICH COMPRISES: CONDENSING SAID MONO-OLEFIN, AROMATIC HYDROCARBON AND PEROXIDE AT A TEMPERATURE BETWEEN ABOUT 50* C. AND ABOUT 200* C. FOR PERIOD OF TIME SUFFICIENT TO EFFECT CONDENSATION, ONE MOLAR PROPORTION OF SAID MONO-OLEFIN BEING SO CONDENSED WITH BETWEEN ABOUT 0.1 AND ABOUT 5 MOLAR PROPORTION OF SAID AROMATIC HYDROCARBON AND WITH BETWEEN ABOUT 0.0U AND ABOUT 0.5 MOLAR PROPORTION OF SAID PEROXIDE. 